Cracking in concrete structures is a common issue. Finding a crack-free foundation is rare. Winter adds extra strain, as freezing temperatures cause the soil around your property to expand and contract. This stress can lead to visible cracks in walls, uneven floors, and other structural problems, often leaving homeowners puzzled about the cause.
This blog explores the freezing temperature effects on homes, the signs to watch for, and ways to protect your property. Early action can prevent long-term foundation damage and minimize foundation crack repairs.
How Freezing Temperatures Affect Your Home’s Foundation
Freezing or cold temperatures are one of the main causes of foundation issues during the winter months. These problems stem from environmental changes directly impacting the concrete and surrounding soil.
Causes Of Cracks In Concrete Foundations
According to an article from the International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, the following are common causes of cracks in concrete structures like foundations:
- Thermal Movement: Temperature fluctuations cause materials to expand and contract, creating stress within the concrete. Over time, this leads to cracks, especially in exterior walls and roofs exposed to extreme temperature changes.
- Moisture and Shrinkage: Concrete absorbs moisture, which freezes during winter, expanding and creating internal pressure. As the ice melts, the concrete contracts, leaving cracks and weakening the structure.
- Plastic Shrinkage Cracks: These cracks form within the first few hours of concrete being placed, particularly when rapid moisture loss due to low humidity and cold winds occurs.
- Corrosion of Reinforcement: When water seeps into cracks and reaches steel reinforcements, it causes corrosion. The resulting rust expands, exerting pressure on the surrounding concrete and forming larger cracks.
- Improper Construction Practices: Errors such as insufficient compaction, improper mixing, and inadequate curing weaken the concrete, making it more susceptible to cracking under freeze-thaw cycles
The Science Of Soil Expansion And Contraction In Cold Weather
Winter weather doesn’t just bring cold temperatures—it also causes seasonal foundation issues beneath your home. These changes, known as soil expansion and contraction, directly impact your foundation’s stability and can lead to visible cracks or structural damage.
Soil Expansion Winter Damage
Frost heave can cause serious damage to your home’s foundation in winter. The American Society of Civil Engineers explains that frost heave happens when frost-susceptible soils freeze. This often occurs due to surface water infiltration or a high water table. As the soil freezes, it expands. This forces the ground upward and puts pressure on your foundation.
This expansive movement can push your foundation out of alignment and cause cracks. Homes built on clay-rich soil are at even greater risk. Clay holds more water, which makes frost heave more severe. Each freeze-thaw cycle moves the soil, weakening the foundation even more. Over time, this increases the chance of visible cracks and long-term structural damage.
Soil Contraction Winter Damage
As temperatures rise and frozen soil thaws, the water it holds drains away, causing the soil to shrink and lose volume. This contraction leaves gaps beneath the foundation, reducing its support. The uneven settling can lead to cracks in walls, floors, and the foundation without proper reinforcement. Over time, this instability compromises your home’s structural integrity and increases the risk of costly repairs.
Common Structural Cracks That Appear In Winter
Winter weather often leads to various cracks in a home’s foundation. Here are some of the foundation crack causes, according to the International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology:
Vertical, Horizontal, And Stair-Step Cracks: What They Mean
- Vertical Cracks: These are often caused by the foundation’s natural settling or concrete shrinkage. While small vertical cracks are generally not a concern, wider cracks may indicate significant soil or foundation stress movement.
- Horizontal Cracks: Horizontal cracks are more severe and often result from soil pressure against foundation walls. These cracks suggest structural weakness and should be addressed immediately.
- Stair-Step Cracks: Stair-step cracks usually occur along mortar joints in brick or block walls. They are often caused by uneven soil pressure or frost heave. These cracks may also appear near corners of the home and can indicate foundation settlement or heaving.
How To Tell If A Crack Is Cosmetic Or A Sign Of Foundation Damage
- Cosmetic Cracks: Hairline or small vertical cracks are typically cosmetic and caused by natural material shrinkage or minor settling. They do not affect the structural integrity of the foundation.
- Structural Cracks: Wider cracks (greater than 2 mm) or those showing significant movement are structural concerns. Horizontal and stair-step cracks, in particular, indicate serious issues like shifting soil, frost heave, or improper drainage. These should be assessed and repaired by professionals to prevent further damage.
Repair Options For Winter Structural Cracks
You’re not alone if you’ve noticed cracks in your foundation this winter. Cold weather, freezing soil, and shifting ground can pressure your home, leading to structural cracks that require attention. The good news is that effective foundation repair methods are available to protect your home, even in freezing temperatures.
Foundation Crack Repair: What Works Best In Winter?
When it comes to fixing cracks during the winter, four reliable solutions stand out:
- Epoxy or Polyurethane Injections: These materials are injected directly into the cracks, sealing them from moisture and preventing further expansion caused by freezing water. They’re strong, long-lasting, and can be applied even in cold conditions, giving your foundation the necessary reinforcement.
- CarbonArmor® Wall Stitching Strips: These carbon fiber strips are designed to stabilize cracked walls by adding strength and preventing further movement. They’re an ideal choice for reinforcing foundation walls without major construction.
- Wall Anchors: Wall anchors are an excellent solution for walls bowing inward due to soil pressure. Anchors are installed into the ground and connected to your foundation walls, pulling them back into place and restoring their stability.
- Pier Systems: If foundation settlement has caused cracks, installing piers under your foundation can lift and stabilize it. Helical and push piers are driven deep into stable soil, providing long-term support and preventing future settlement.
All options work effectively in winter and provide lasting solutions for structural stability in cold weather.
Preventative Actions To Reduce Winter Foundation Damage
Winter can be harsh on your foundation, but taking proactive approaches can minimize the risk of damage. Managing moisture levels and stabilizing the soil around your home are key steps to protecting your foundation during the colder months.
Excess moisture in the soil is one of the leading causes of foundation issues in winter. Implementing effective drainage systems can reduce this risk:
- Gutters and Downspouts: Ensure gutters are clear of debris and extend downspouts at least 5–10 feet away from your home to prevent water pooling near the foundation.
- French Drains: These underground systems redirect water away from your foundation, keeping the soil around it dry and stable.
- Sump Pumps: Installing a sump pump systems in your basement or crawl space prevents water from accumulating, especially during snowmelt or heavy winter rains.
- Soil Drainage Management: Avoid over watering the soil near your home and ensure the ground slopes away from the foundation to guide water away naturally.
When To Call A Foundation Specialist
Not all cracks mean trouble, but certain signs indicate it’s time to call an expert:
- Cracks Widening Over Time: If you notice cracks growing in width or length, your foundation may shift.
- Uneven Floors: Sloping or sagging floors suggest foundation settlement that needs professional evaluation.
- Doors and Windows Sticking: Difficulty opening or closing doors and windows could mean your foundation is moving.
- Horizontal or Stair-Step Cracks: These cracks often signal significant structural stress.
If you spot any of these warning signs, don’t wait. A foundation specialist can assess the issue, recommend repairs, and help prevent further damage. Scheduling routine inspections ensures your home stays strong and stable, regardless of season.
Winter Cracks? Fix Them Before They Get Worse
Winter structural cracks are a warning sign that your foundation is under stress. Freezing temperatures and shifting soil can weaken your home’s stability, leading to costly repairs if ignored. Foundation crack repair is the best way to prevent long-term damage and restore structural integrity.
Don’t wait for spring—protect your home today! Contact Regional Foundation & Crawl Space Repair for a crack repair consultation and protect your home from common soil issues in North Carolina.
